We develop a framework to understand the incentive structure and pricing of sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs). It provides conditions under which SLBs are incentive compatible for firms. We propose a novel mispricing measure for SLBs. Using the model and mispricing measure, we derive and test several empirical predictions.
We show that overpriced SLBs experience negative returns in the secondary market after issuance. When firms issue overpriced SLBs, the stock price reaction at issuance is significantly positive, consistent with a wealth transfer from bond- to shareholders. Finally, we document a significant nonlinear relationship between the mispricing measure and firms' ESG ratings.
We analyze voting records for management proposals and find that investors today hold directors accountable for a much wider range of issues, such as...